is it possible to replace While loop by cte ?

HI Folks,Is it possible to replace while loop by CTE?I will fetch records from table 1 based on tretmentid.get the count of recordsrun the while loop inside loop i will compare the column values with the same table(table 1) for different tretmentid.if any one row matches will come out from loop and send status .can it be replaced by CTE ?Regards,Ravi